An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a network, enabling its identification and communication on the Internet.
An IP address is a unique identification number assigned to each device connected to a network using the Internet Protocol. This address works exactly like a postal address: it identifies and locates each device on the Internet so that data can be routed to the correct destination.
The Internet service provider (ISP) automatically assigns an IP address to your router when you connect. This assignment can be permanent (static) or temporary (dynamic) depending on your subscription and technical requirements.
The IP address forms the basis of the system for routing data packets on the Internet. When you visit a website, your computer sends data to the server using its IP address. The server then uses your IP address to send you the requested information.
Each network interface receives a separate IP address. Your laptop connected to Wi-Fi and 4G therefore has two different IP addresses. Devices such as smartphones, printers, or connected objects also obtain their own network identifier.
There is an important difference between an IP address and a MAC address. The IP address identifies your device on the Internet, while the MAC address remains unique to each physical network card and never changes.
This architecture enables billions of connected devices to communicate efficiently across the globe.
The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 lies in their addressing capacity and technical structure. IPv4 uses 32 bits and is represented by four numbers between 0 and 255 separated by dots, such as 192.168.1.1. This version can generate approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses, a number that seemed unlimited when it was created.
The depletion of IPv4 addresses became critical in 2011. Each connected device requires a unique IP address, and the explosive growth of the Internet quickly consumed all available addresses. Smartphones, tablets, connected objects, and servers accelerated this shortage.
IPv6 solves this problem with its 128-bit addressing. This version offers billions of unique IP addresses—technically 340 undecillion possible addresses. An IPv6 address looks like 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, using hexadecimal characters separated by colons.
Why has IPv6 not yet been fully implemented? The transition requires massive investments in infrastructure. Access providers, routers, and servers must support both protocols simultaneously. This complex coexistence is slowing down global adoption.
Both versions currently operate in parallel on the Internet. Your Internet service provider may assign you an IPv4 address and an IPv6 address simultaneously, allowing you to access websites that support each protocol.
A public IP address is unique worldwide and allows direct access to the Internet. It identifies your connection on the global network and remains visible to all websites you visit. Your Internet service provider assigns this public IP address to your Internet box.
A private IP address only works within your local network. It allows home devices to communicate with each other without going out to the Internet. These addresses use reserved ranges such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x.
Why have two IP addresses? Your router manages this dual assignment automatically. It has a public IP address for the Internet and distributes private addresses to connected devices.
The NAT (Network Address Translation) process translates private addresses into public addresses. When your computer accesses a website, the router replaces the private address with its public address. This translation remains invisible to the user.
The DHCP server on your internet box automatically assigns private addresses. It prevents address conflicts by managing an available range. Each connected device receives a unique address on the local network.
This architecture saves public addresses. Several devices share the same public IP address thanks to NAT. The system remains transparent while optimizing the use of available network resources.
A static IP address remains fixed and never changes. It is manually assigned by the network administrator to a specific device. This permanent configuration provides crucial stability for servers, network printers, and equipment requiring constant access.
The dynamic IP address changes regularly according to network requirements. The DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) manages this automatic allocation. Your Internet service provider uses this method to optimize the use of its available addresses.
Static addresses are suitable for web servers, monitoring systems, and critical applications. They facilitate firewall rule configuration and remote access. Companies prefer this type of allocation for their infrastructures.
Dynamic addresses are sufficient for users’ everyday browsing. This method reduces costs for ISPs and simplifies network management. Your internet box usually receives a dynamic address that can change when you restart it.
To configure a static address, access your device’s network settings. Enter the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. This manual configuration requires technical knowledge to avoid address conflicts.
The choice between static and dynamic directly impacts network performance. Modern cloud services and applications adapt to both types of allocation to ensure optimal connectivity.
There are several ways to find your IP address depending on your system. The simplest solution is to use a dedicated website that instantly displays your public IP address.
On Windows, open the command prompt and type “ipconfig.” This command reveals your local IP address. For more details, use “ipconfig /all.” You can also access network settings via the control panel to view your connection properties.
On macOS and Linux, the terminal offers several options. The “ifconfig” command displays complete network information. On recent Linux distributions, “ip addr show” often replaces ifconfig. The graphical interface also provides this information in the network preferences.
For smartphones, the local IP address can be found in the Wi-Fi settings. On Android, long press on your connected network. On iOS, tap the information icon next to the network name.
Websites such as “whatismyipaddress.com” reveal your public IP address. This address differs from your local IP because your router uses NAT to connect multiple devices.
Always distinguish between the local IP address (used in your home network) and the public address (visible on the Internet). This distinction helps you understand your network configuration and resolve connection issues.
Your IP address reveals your approximate location and your internet service provider. Websites use this data for targeted advertising and content personalization. This information allows companies to determine your country, region, and sometimes your city.
Risks of exposure include tracking your online activities and creating detailed user profiles. Cybercriminals can exploit your IP address for targeted attacks or digital identity theft. Some services geo-restrict access based on your geographic location.
There are several methods for protecting your IP address:
VPNs offer the most effective protection by encrypting your internet connection. This technology prevents your internet service provider from monitoring your activities and protects your data on public networks.
Geolocation by IP address remains imprecise. It can locate you within a radius of several kilometers depending on your Internet service provider. Shared IP addresses via NAT make individual tracking even more difficult.
For optimal security, combine the use of a VPN with secure practices such as using private browsers and disabling ad tracking.
Understanding IP addresses helps you navigate the digital world more effectively. These unique identifiers guide our internet connections, protect our privacy, and facilitate communication between devices. By mastering these technical concepts, you become a more informed and secure user in your everyday digital life.
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